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- Burnout symptoms can often look like depression or anxiety but what distinguishes burnout from other types of mental health conditions is that it can only be caused by work (and not by genetic factors or broader life events).
- The three main symptoms of burnout are exhaustion, negativity, and ineffectiveness.
- The order in which people experience burnout symptoms varies, which is why it's important to try and spot early indicators that more severe burnout might be on its way.
- Rather than an official diagnosis, it's thought that the frequency, recency, and severity of the three main burnout symptoms are the best indicator of burnout risk.
Burnout is not depression, even if many burnout symptoms overlap with those of depression, because burnout is only caused by factors to do with a person’s relationship with their work. Most notably, burnout is not just being a bit tired (or even very tired) as a result of normal everyday workplace stress. Burnout is something that affects people at the level of their identity and self-worth too.
When asked to identify the symptoms of burnout, 68% of UK adults mistakenly identified symptoms of anxiety or depression.
Download our free burnout symptoms test
This 30-second test helps anyone self-assess their burnout risk and can be used to get a quick read on whether your employees are likely to be struggling.
How to spot burnout symptoms in your team
It can sometimes be challenging to identify the signs your employee is burnt out. Basically, if someone on your team (let’s call him Tom) is struggling with burnout, his work will feel to him both arduous and unimportant. Every working day, Tom will feel irritable, tired, cynical, short-tempered, slow, and about as sharp as a broken pencil. He'll look around at people and fail to understand why they look so animated. Everything will seem far, far away. He'll feel sad, indeed crushed, as if something critical and very deep inside him had simply... given up. In so far as he can think at all, he'll think "what's the point" and "I can't do this" and he will feel, because he'll be, broken.
Burnout is to humans what sand is to gears. If it doesn't bring the whole system to a halt, it will noticeably decrease its performance, and will introduce so much friction that carrying on gets more and more difficult as time goes on.
The three symptoms of burnout at work
The main burnout symptoms are characterised by the World Health Organisation’s 2019 definition:
- Exhaustion
- Negativity
- Ineffectiveness
Exhaustion is a sign of burnout
When you feel tired, unfocused and lacking in energy a lot of the time. Other people might notice that you seem quieter, slower, or more withdrawn.
Negativity is a sign of burnout
When you feel downbeat, cynical and hopeless about your job and work prospects. Other people might notice that you’re quick to see the worst in things or seem more self-critical than usual.
Ineffectiveness is a sign of burnout
When you feel like you’re not getting much work done, or the quality of your work is lower than usual, even though you’re trying your best. Other people might notice that you’re dropping the ball at work more than usual, you’re missing things you usually wouldn’t, or the quality and speed of your work has dropped dramatically.
In short, while employee burnout is causing Tom to feel exhausted, hopeless, and overwhelmed, others will see him as lethargic, cynical, and stupider than before. His team will feel confused, worried, irritated, inconvenienced, and eventually demoralised.
Early signs of burnout at work
The order in which people experience the three symptoms of burnout varies; some people first become cynical, while others start by noticing they are unusually exhausted. So whilst no one symptom acts as the canary in the coal mine, warning us that more severe burnout might be on its way, what we can try to spot early on are early indicators of any of the three symptoms.
The best way to look for these early burnout symptoms is by paying careful attention to what employees are saying, how they’re behaving, and any other clues you can pick up from their body language or demeanour.
Signs of burnout in the workplace can be expressed verbally. It’s worth watching out for the kind of phrases you might hear people say, either in passing or in one-to-ones. These phrases are typical of someone going through burnout at work. You might also spot some behavioural changes — being slower to spot a problem or respond to a question than usual — as well as a general shift in demeanour, seeming more downbeat or withdrawn.
Physical/behavioural signs of burnout to look out for
- Inability to focus or concentrate
- Lack of creativity
- Loss of appetite or noticeable weight loss
- Trouble sleeping
- Shortness of breath or chest pains
- Dizziness or headaches
- Stomach or gastrointestinal problems
- Getting sick more often that usual
Download our free burnout symptoms test
This 30-second test helps anyone self-assess their burnout risk and can be used to get a quick read on whether your employees are likely to be struggling.
Spotted the signs? Act the same day
With Spill, anyone showing the signs can book a confidential therapy session the same day, in one click from Slack or Teams, and nobody at work is told. From £75 per month for your whole team.
Burnout symptoms vs. depression symptoms
Employee burnout is commonly confused with regular emotional exhaustion and depression, which have overlapping symptoms but are characterised by some key differences. One of the critical factors distinguishing burnout from other types of poor mental health is that it can only be caused by work — not by genetic factors or by broader life events. (For more detail, read ‘The 12 stages of workplace burnout’)
- Regular emotional exhaustion is often the result of overstretching oneself in both work and life: trying to juggle too many things at once. Its common symptoms include extreme tiredness, irritability, a lack of concentration and a lack of interest in everyday activities.
- Depression is a medical condition that often includes the symptoms of burnout (exhaustion, negativity and ineffectiveness), but can also include more general low self-esteem and, at its worst, suicidal ideation. Unlike burnout (which is caused primarily by work-related factors), depression can be triggered by life events (such as bereavement, losing your job or giving birth), influenced by your genetics, or can sometimes happen for no reason at all.
If an employee mentions to you that they’re feeling unusually exhausted, here are some questions to ask them that may help distinguish if this is specifically caused by work (as burnout is) or if this is down to wider external factors (as emotional exhaustion and depression usually are):
- Have you felt over-stretched both in and outside of work recently? Are you trying to juggle a busy job with lots of social activities, hobbies or commitments like childcare, etc?
- Do you often feel exhausted, irritable, and find it hard to concentrate — but can still get work done and still feel like you are good at your job?
- If you feel downbeat and cynical, is this mainly about your job and your ability to do the work — or does this cynicism extend to other areas of your life, like your ability to be a good friend or partner, or your ability to enjoy hobbies and social events?
The long-term consequences of burnout
If left unaddressed or ignored for too long workplace burnout can have significant consequences for the individuals health, including:
- Insomnia
- Excessive stress and high blood pressure
- Increased risk of alcohol or substance misuse
- Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke
- Increased risk of type 2 diabetes
Luckily, there’s loads you can do as a responsible employer to catch the signs of burnout early and take action to help people feel better quickly, before it ever reaches this point. And the first step to identifying employees who need support with burnout, is to ask them.
Download our free burnout symptoms test
This 30-second test helps anyone self-assess their burnout risk and can be used to get a quick read on whether your employees are likely to be struggling.
Burnout symptoms test
So how can you diagnose burnout? Because burnout isn’t a medical condition, there’s no official ‘yes or no’ medical diagnosis. It’s not like being able to get an X-ray and objectively tell whether you’ve broken your arm. As with so much of mental health, burnout exists along a spectrum. So instead of “do I or don’t I have burnout?”, it’s a case of noticing the signs of burnout and asking “how severe are my symptoms of burnout?”.
In lieu of an official medical test, the Maslach Burnout Inventory is the most widely used tool for assessing burnout severity. It was created by Christina Maslach, who’s probably the world’s leading expert in the psychology of burnout, in 1981 and variants of it have been used widely ever since.
The theory behind the Maslach test is that the frequency, recency and severity of the three burnout symptoms are the best indicator of burnout risk. If someone has been feeling very exhausted, very cynical and very ineffective — very often and very recently — then their risk of burnout is extremely high.
Use our online burnout test to see if your employees could be struggling 👇
The Maslach Burnout Inventory
The MBI involves asking people to answer how often they would agree with statements such as:
- I am chronically tired and often wake up exhausted
- I feel hopeless at work
- I feel that I am achieving less than I should
New research by Christina Maslach in 2016 found that the severity of a person’s three burnout symptoms can be used to place them on a scale of five ‘profiles’ of how work can be experienced:
We’ve condensed the Maslach Burnout Inventory down to three key questions for a quicker and easier version (download for free below). This 30-second online test for burnout helps anyone self-assess their burnout risk and can be used to get a quick read on whether one of your employees is likely to be struggling with burnout.
Download our free burnout symptoms test
This 30-second test helps anyone self-assess their burnout risk and can be used to get a quick read on whether your employees are likely to be struggling.
How to track symptoms of burnout in real-time
To catch signs of burnout early, it's important to have an easy way to check-in with your employees on a regularly basis – and a workplace counselling solution to help get people back on track quickly.
Spill's free burnout check-ins feature does exactly that, proactively measuring your team's mood and flagging early signs of stress or burnout. And more importantly, a Spill counsellor will reach out automatically to support anyone who’s struggling.
FAQs
What are the three main symptoms of burnout?
Exhaustion, negativity or cynicism about work, and reduced effectiveness. The World Health Organization defines burnout along these three dimensions, and the guide above covers how each one shows up in a team.
What are the early signs of burnout at work?
Watch for someone becoming quieter in meetings, working longer hours for less output, more short-notice absence, and uncharacteristic negativity. Early signs are easier to act on than full burnout.
Is burnout the same as depression?
No. Burnout is tied specifically to work, while depression is a mental health condition that can affect every part of life. The two can overlap, so anyone unsure should talk to their GP or a therapist, and anyone in immediate danger should call 999.
How do I check if an employee is burnt out?
Start a private, open conversation about how they are doing, and use a structured check like our free burnout symptoms test. Managers should never diagnose, only listen and point to support.
Can burnout go away on its own?
Rest helps, but if the causes stay the same, burnout usually comes back. Recovery sticks when workload, boundaries and support change alongside the time off.
How long does burnout recovery take?
It depends on how severe it is and how long the pressure built up. Getting support early makes it easier to turn around.
What should a manager do after spotting burnout symptoms?
Reduce the immediate load, have a supportive conversation, and point the person to confidential help they can access without going through you. Spill makes that last step one click.
What happens if burnout is ignored?
It can affect someone's physical and mental health, and often leads to long periods off work or people leaving. Acting on the early signs is far easier.
How does Spill help with burnout?
Employees book same-day therapy from Slack, Teams or email, and there's no limit on sessions. Managers can also use our free burnout symptoms test to spot the signs early.
How much does Spill cost?
Spill costs from £75 per month for your whole team on a 30-day rolling contract, with unlimited therapy included. Poor mental health costs UK employers an average of £2,646 per affected employee a year (Deloitte, 2022).
